C. 7 Prefix indications
There are twenty prefixes used in Pali. They are termed upasagga in Sanskrit and in Pali commentarial literature. In Pali grammatical works, however, they are called upasāra. They are given here with their Sanskrit counterparts also in brackets wherever they are not identical with the corresponding Pali forms.
Ati, Adhi, Anu, Apa, Api, Abhi, Ava, Ā, U (Ut)2, Upa, O3, Du (Duḥ)4, Ni (Ni / Nir)5, Pa (Pra), Pati (Prati), Parā, Pari, Vi, Saṃ, Su.
A prefix may be used, to modify or to reverse the sense of the verb, or the noun, with which it is combined. Otherwise, it is a mere element that carries no par- ticular sense.
例句. √ car - "to go, to move" ati √ car - "to go beyond, to overtake, to invade" (ati as modifier) √ ji - "to win, to conquer" parā √ ji - "to lose, to be defeated" (parā as reverser)
√ car - "to practise, to perform" ā√ car - the same (ā as a mere element)
a. Prefix-Defining indication (upasāraliṅgapadasaṃvaṇṇanā) Ex. abhīti upasaggo The phrase upasaggo indicates that abhi is a prefix.
b. Prefix-sense indication (upasāraliṅgatthasaṃvaṇṇanā)
例句. āgantvā ramanaṃ ārammanaṃ.
The phrase āgantvā indicates that ā of ārammanaṃ is a prefix having the sense, " having come".
2 Ut is changed into Ud when followed by vowels or soft consonants.
3 Ava is used instead of O in Sanskrit.
4 Duh is changed into Dur, Dus, Duw, Dus, or Du, owing to Sandhi.
5 Ni and Nir have different senses in Sankrit. But they are represented in Pali by the single form Ni only.
C.7 前缀指明
在巴利语里面有20个前缀。它们在梵语和巴利注释作品里面被称为upasagga。在巴利语法作品中则被称为upasāra。在这里它们对应的梵文也在括号里被展示出来，只要它们与对应的巴利文的构成不同。
Ati, Adhi, Anu, Apa, Api, Abhi, Ava, Ā, U (Ut)②, Upa, O③, Du (Duḥ)④, Ni (Ni / Nir)⑤, Pa (Pra), Pati (Prati), Parā, Pari, Vi, Saṃ, Su.
前缀可能会用来定义或者改变与其组合的动词或者名词的含义。否则，它就是一个没有特殊含义的元素。
例子
- √ car - "去走，去离开" ati √ car - "超越，追上，进攻" (ati作为修饰语)
- √ ji - "赢，征服" parā √ ji - "输，被打败" (parā作为相反的) √ car - "去练习,去实践" ā√ car - 与前面相同 (ā仅作为一个元素)
a. 定义前缀的指明(upasāraliṅgapadasaṃvaṇṇanā)
例. abhīti upasaggo
词语upasaggo指明了abhi是前缀.
b. 前缀意义的指明(upasāraliṅgatthasaṃvaṇṇanā)
例. āgantvā ramanaṃ ārammanaṃ.
词语āgantvā指明了ārammanaṃ的ā是前缀有"已经来了"的含义.
②Ut后跟元音或软辅音的时候变成Ud
③在梵语里，Ava用来替代O
④Duh因为连音音变会变成Dur，Dus，Duw，Dus，或者Du
在梵语里Ni和Nir有不同的含义。但是它们在巴利里面都只用Ni来表示。