关系从句Relative Clause

  1. 该从句必须有一个现在分词来引导。
    There must be a present participle governing the clause.
  2. 它必须是主动或被动语态，且必须在格、性、数上与它的主动主语或主动宾语一致。
    It must be in Active or Passive voice and follow the case, gender and number of its Active subject or object.
  3. 主动主语或宾语的格位取决于它与主句中某些词的关系。
    The case of the Active subject or object depends on its relation to some word in the main clause.
  4. 每个关系从句可以有两种不同的解读，相应地，引导该从句的分词同样可以有两种不同的关系。
    Every Relative Clause can have two different interpretations and, accordingly, the participle governing it can have two different relations.
    这两种解释及关系分别是They are as follows——
    • a.它以限定关系(DEF)与主要动词相关联
      It is related to the main verb in Definitive Relation (DEF)1,OR,
    • b.它以同一形容词关系 (IAD)中与其主动主语或宾语相关。
      It is related to its Active subject or object in Identical Adjective Relation (IAD).
  5. 如果该分词是在属格中，它有时暗示主句所表示的动作是由限定关系从句执行的，不管它的情况如何。
    If the participle is in Genitive case, it is sometimes implied that the action expressed by the main verb is carried out in spite of the situation expressed by the Defining Relative Clause.

例句1：分词做主格

puriso gacchanto ratanaṃ passati

  • （作为/当……的时候/当） （该）男人正在走路时看见了珠宝。
  • (As / While / When) (the) man is going / goes, (he) sees the jewel.
flowchart LR A("puriso") B("gacchanto") C("ratanaṃ") D("passati") A--"ASV"-->B A--"ASV"-->D B--"DEF"-->D C--"IOV"-->D
  • （或）正在走路的（那个）男人看见了珠宝。
  • (OR) The man who goes (is going) sees the jewel.
flowchart LR A("puriso") B("gacchanto") C("ratanaṃ") D("passati") B--"IAD"-->A A--"ASV"-->D C--"IOV"-->D

例句2：分词做宾格

purisaṃ gacchantaṃ bhikkhu passati.

  • 当（那个）男人正在走路的时候，比库看见他。
  • (while/As/When) (the) man goes (is going), (the/a) monk sees (him).
flowchart LR A("purisaṃ") B("gacchantaṃ") C("passati") D("bhikkhu") A--"ASV"-->B A--"IOV"-->C B--"DEF"-->C D--"ASV"-->C
- 比库看见正在走路的（那个）人。 - The monk sees the man who goes/ is going.
flowchart LR A("purisaṃ") B("gacchantaṃ") C("passati") D("bhikkhu") B--"IAD"-->A A--"IOV"-->C D--"ASV"-->C

例句3：

purisassa passantassa dhanaṃ corā haranti （即使/即使作为）该男人看到（正在看），小偷们携带（他的）财产（离开）。 (Even while / Even as) the man sees (is looking on), thieves carried (his) property (away).

flowchart LR A("purisassa") B("passantassa") C("haranti") D("corā") E("dhanaṃ") A--"ASV"-->B A--"POS"-->E D--"ASV"-->C E--"IOV"-->C
  • （那个）人正看着财产，盗贼们还拿走了。
  • (OR) = Thieves carried away the property of the man who sees (is looking on).
flowchart LR A("purisassa") B("passantassa") C("haranti") D("corā") E("dhanaṃ") B--"IAD"-->A A--"POS"-->E D--"ASV"-->C E--"IOV"-->C
（注：在此翻译中，省略了"尽管"的含义） (Note: in this translation, the sense "in spite of" is left out)
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