呼格
术语
| 语种 | 缩写 | 全称 |
|---|---|---|
| 巴利 | —— | Āmantana-vacana(常见于注释书) paṭhamā-vibhatti(常见于语法书) |
| 汉 | 呼 | 呼格 第一变格 |
| 英 | voc. | vocative case |
定义：
当面称呼
常见用法：
例句：
翻译指南：
无
进阶用法：
- 當一名詞或代名詞的處格或屬格,與相同格位的分詞連用,這種結構分別稱為處格獨立結構、屬格獨立結構。處格獨立結構被比屬格獨立結構更常見。有時還會發現有主格獨立結構,不過沒有其它兩個那麼普遍。
- 處格,屬格和(有時)主格獨立結構,經常可以被翻譯為“在...的時候when,於…的同時while,自…以後since ”,有時譯為“雖然although ”: － tesu vivadantesu bodhisatto cintesi [當他們在爭論中,菩提薩埵(菩薩、未來佛)他思考著, while they were disputing, the Future Buddha thought; Vivadati (vi + vad + a)爭論;【PPR】~danta]; －suriye atthavgate (當夕陽西下後, when the sun had set, after sunset);－gavisu duyhamanasu gato(他去時,牛正被擠乳, he went when the cows were being milked);－asaniya pi sise patantiya (雖然雷電正落在他們的頭頂上, although the thunderbolt was falling on their head.)
- 單字sati, 處格單數為santo,也是動atthi(是, to be)的現在分詞,除以上意義外,也經常翻譯為”如果,這樣的話”。它也跟女性字合用: satiya (f. ,應該是) － atthe sati (如果有需要, if there be need);－evaṃ sati (如是這樣的話, such being the case); － payoge sati (當有...場合, when there is occasion.);－pucchaya f./loc/sg sati(如果問題被提問的話, if the question be asked); －ruciya sati (如果他有願望, if he had the wish; Ruci【f.】愛好)
- 屬格獨立結構雖沒處格獨立結構那麼常用,但也算夠常見: － sakunakassa gumbato jalaṃ mocentass’eva[即使當時小鳥從矮數叢網鬆脫, even while the bird was disengaging the net from the bush; Gumba【m.】矮樹叢;Jala【n.】網,糾纏。Moceti (muc + e)釋放、解脫【PPR】mocenta。]－ tesajkirantanaṃ yeva suriyatthavigatavela jata [雖然他們還在作樂,暮色生起 while even they were sporting, it became dusk. Vela【f.】時間。Jata (jayati 的【PPP】)已變成,已發生。]
- 還有先前提及所謂的主格獨立結構:－gacchanto bharadvajo so (婆羅豆婆羅他正走去, Bharadvaja having gone he ) 註: 屬格獨立結構經常用以表達”無視於,漠視”, 它因此可譯為”不管in spite of, 儘管notwithstanding”。例句 (見601, viii)
——《实用巴利文法》（A Practical Grammar of the Pali Language）金如是