20. 分词/名词DEF关系的用法

  • 巴利:lakkhaṇa → lakkhya
  • 中文:限定从句 → 限定动词
  • 英文:Definitive Relation

a. 在某些上下文中,一个分词或名词与另一个词具有 DEF 关系的动词可以升级为在ablative情况下的abstract derivative形式,并在与因果关系中相同。 如果一个相对绝对的从句是由分词/名词所引导的,则该分词的施动者/主语受动者/宾语属格变化,并且是衍生的causal possessor

a. In some contexts, a participle, or a noun, which has a DEF relation to another verb can be upgraded to its abstract derivative form in ablative case and related to the same in causal relation. If the clause governed by the participle / noun is a relative or absolute one, the active subject or active object of the participle comes to have the genitive case and be the causal possessor of the derivative.

例句: Puriso gacchanto magge bhikkhum passati.

  • 当那个男人去的时候,(他)在路上看到比库。
  • When the man goes (because of the man’s act of going), (he) sees the monk on the way.
flowchart LR A("puriso") B("gacchanto") C("passati") D("magge") E("bhikkhuṃ") A--"ASV
施动者 → 动词"-->B A--"ASV
施动者 → 动词"-->C B--"lakkhaṇa → lakkhya
限定从句 → 限定动词"-->C D--"LOV"-->C E--"IOV"-->C

例句: purisassa gacchantattā magge bhikkhum passati.

  • 因为男人的前往而在路上看到比库。
  • Because of the man’s act of going, (he) sees the monk on the way.
flowchart LR A("purisassa") B("gacchantattā") C("passati") D("magge") E("bhikkhuṃ") A--"POS"-->B B--"CAU"-->C D--"LOV"-->C E--"IOV"-->C

例句:Pitari kāle putto kāḷo hoti.

  • 既然/正如 父亲是黝黑的,儿子 是黝黑的。
  • As / When (the) father is dark, (the) son is dark.
flowchart LR A("pitari
父亲
单·处") B("kāle") C("putto") D("kāḷo") E("hoti") A--"NIO"-->B B--"当……"-->E C--"DASO-P"-->E D--"DASO-S"-->E

例句:pituno kālattā putto kāḷo hoti

  • 因为父亲的黝黑(肤色),所以儿子是黝黑的(肤色)。
  • because of the father's darkness, (the) son is dark.
flowchart LR A("pituno
父亲[的]") B("kālattā") C("putto") D("kāḷo") E("hoti") A--"POS
属 → 从"-->B B--"CAU
因 → 果"-->E C--"DASO-P
主 → 系"-->E D--"DASO-S
表 → 系"-->E

b. Sometimes, a present participle may imply a wish, a desire.

b. 有时,现在分词可能意味着一个祝福,一个愿望。

例句: Puriso gacchanto āha, “ācariya, ahaṃ gacche”ti.

. 当那个男人(希望)离开时,(他)说:"老师啊!我可以走吗?"

Trs. When the man (wishes to) go, (he) said, “O Teacher! May I go? “

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