连续体
Gerunds

连续体，也成独立体、绝对体，属于动词不变词的一种。 表达两种含义：

  1. 动作时间优先(pubbakāla)
    • 可以表示一连串的动作
    • 他们的主语相同
    • 动词之间是副词关系
    • 动作发生的优先性可能是实际的，也可能是象征性的。
  2. 因果关系(hetu-phala)
    • 主语不同
    • 动词之间是因果关系

They are also indeclinable verbal derivatives of Absolute voice. They can have two senses; (a) real or figurative priority in time (b) causality. When used in the first sense, they have the same subject as the verbs qualified by them and are related to them in Adverbial Relation (ADV). However, when the second sense is to be understood, they have subjects different from those of the verbs they qualify and related to them in causality Relation (CAU).

例句1：

So pacitvā bhuñjati

  • 他煮了以后吃。（实际的时间优先）
  • He cooks and eats. (real priority in time)
flowchart LR A("so") B("pacitvā") C(" bhuñjati") A--"ASV"-->B A--"ASV"-->C B--"ADV"-->C

例句2：

So mukhaṃ vivaritvā sayati

  • 他张开嘴睡觉，即他睡觉时嘴巴张开着（象征性时间优先）
  • He opens the mouth and sleeps, i.e., sleeps with the open mouth.(figurative priority in time)
flowchart LR A("so") B("vivaritvā") C("sayati") D("mukhaṃ") A--"ASV"-->B A--"ASV"-->C D--"IOV"-->B B--"ADV"-->C

例句3：

tassa sīhaṃ disvā bhayaṃ hoti

  • 他的恐惧是因為看到獅子而產生的。(因果关系)
  • His fear arises because of seeing the lion.(Causality)
flowchart LR A("tassa") B("bhayaṃ") C("disvā") D("hoti") E("sīhaṃ") A--"POS"-->B A--"ISV"-->C B--"ASV"-->D E--"IOV"-->C C--"CAU"-->D

hutvā引导的双重被动主语关系DISO

Hutvā**" with Double Inactive Subject (Ordinary) relation [DISO ]

此关系在使用时，可能句子中本来就有hutvā，也可能被省略而我们需要额外引入hutvā，其表达有以下三种可能：

  1. 表达状态的副词
  2. 表达从一种状态转变为另一种状态
  3. 两者兼而有之。

This relation is used with an inserted or expressed hutvā ---

  • a. to indicate a certain adverbial sense OR
  • b. to indicate a complete change of a certain state into another OR
  • c. both.

例句：Puriso sāmanero (hutvā) vasati. （此处的hutvā可能是原来就带的，也可能的被省略而被额外引入的）

  • 副词：他留在这里做沙马内拉。
  • 转变：他成为沙马内拉并住了下来。
  • 两者：在成为沙马内拉后，他住了下来。

He, having been a novice, stays. [= He stays as a novice (adverbially) OR He becomes a novice and stays (change of state) OR He stays after becoming a novice (both)]

flowchart LR A("puriso
男人
阳·单·主") B("hutvā
成为
动不变·连续体") C("vasati
居留
动|第三·单·现") D("sāmaṇero
萨马内拉
阳·单·主") A-."性数格一致".-D A--"DISO-P
"-->B D--"DISO-S"-->B A--"ASV"-->C
在上面的句子中，*puriso*是*hutvā*的**主要被动主语**； 而*sāmanero*是*hutvā*的**次要被动主语**。 *Puriso*是**主格**，**单数**只是因为它是**主要动词** *vasati*的**主动主语**; *sāmanero* 跟随 *puriso*的**格**、性 和数，因为它们在内容上是相同的。至于*hutvā*，他们只是**被动主语**。

In the sentence above, puriso is the primary inactive subject and sāmanero the secondary inactive subject of hutvā. Puriso is in nominative case, singular number only because it is the active subject of the main verb vasati; sāmanero follows puriso in case, gender and number because they are identical in content. As regards hutvā, they are only inactive subjects.

例如，Purisena sāmanerena （hutvā） bhattaṃ bhuñjīyate。

=（那个）人成为沙马内拉后，食物被吃。[ = 他以沙马内拉的身份，食物被他吃（副词性质）或他成了沙马内拉后，食物被他吃（状态的改变）或他成为沙马内拉以后，食物被他吃（两者兼具）]

= Food is eaten by him, having been a novice [ = Food is eaten by him as a novice (adverbially) OR Food is eaten by him becoming a novice (change of state) OR Food is eaten by him after becoming a novice (both)]

flowchart LR A("purisena") B("bhuñjīyate") C("hutvā") D("sāmanerena") E("bhattaṃ") A--"ISV"--> B A--"DSO-P"-->C D--"DSO-S"-->C E--"AOV"-->B
在这里也一样，*puriso*是**hutvā*的**主要被动主语**而*sāmanero*是*hutvā*的**次要被动主语**。*Puriso*是**具格**，因为它是**主要动词 *bhuñjīyate*的**被动主语;*sāmanero* 跟随 *puriso*的格、性 和数，因为它们在内容上是相同的。至于*hutvā*，他们只是**被动主语**。

Here also, purisena is the primary inactive subject and sāmanerena, the secondary inactive subject of hutvā. Purisena is in instrumental case because it is the inactive subject of the main verb bhuñjīyate; sāmanerena follows purisena in case, gender and number because they are identical in content. As regards hutvā, they are only inactive subjects.

Exception: Purisena sāmanero (hutvā) bhattaṃ bhuñjīyate.

Here sāmanero, the secondary inactive subject, is in nominative case but the relations and the translation is the same as above. Such usage is only occasional in Pali literature.

这里的 sāmanero ，作为次要被动 主语，属于 主格，但关系和翻译与上述相同。这种用法只是偶尔在巴利经典中用到。

*" Hutvā" with Double Inactive Subject (Denominative) relation [DISD]

*" Hutvā" 具有 双重被动主语 （派生词） 关系 [DISD]

The only difference of this relation from the one above is the usage of the indeclinable nāma.

无语尾变化的nāma是此关系与上述关系的唯一区别。

E.g. Puriso datto nāma (hutvā) vasati. = He, having been datta by name, stays.

[= He stays with the name datta ]

例如 Puriso datto nāma （hutvā） vasati。=他以datta为名留下来。

[= 他使用 datta 这个名字留在这]

Puriso --> vasati (ASV) Puriso --> hutvā (DISD-P)

datto --> hutvā (DISD-S)

E.g. Purisena dattena nāma (hutvā) rājā hatā. = The king was killed by the man, having been datta by name. [= The king was killed by the man with the name datta]

例如，Purisena dattena nāma （hutvā） rājā hatā。=国王被名为达塔的人杀了。[=国王被一个名字叫达塔的人杀死了。]