5. 原因名词
Causal Nouns
因果名词是在因果关系中与其他词相关的名词。
Causal nouns are those related to other words in causal relation.
他们通常是abstract derivatives或复合词具有最后一个成员bhava，
They are usually abstract derivatives or compounds having the last member bhava,
and they may have either instrumental or ablative cases. For each causal noun, there is always another noun,
expressed or implied, termed as a causal possessor and related to it in possessor relation.
It must be of the same content as the abstract derivative stem, or the compound member united with bhava, of the causal noun.
它们要么是工具格要么是ablative。
对于每个因果名词，总是有另一个明示或暗示名词，被称为causal possessor，
并在possessor关系中与之相关联。
它必须具有与abstract derivative相同内容的词干，
或与bhava结合成因果名词复合词。
A causal possessor is generally the active subject / object of the sentence in which its causal noun is mentioned. (When the double active subject / object relation is used, the primary subject / object should be chosen as the causal possessor.) In such cases, causal possessors are usually not expressed --- to be understood only from the context.
causal possessor中提到了因果名词，通常是句子中的主动主语/宾语。（当被用到 双重 主动 * 主语 * / 宾语 * 关系时，应选择primary主语/宾语作为**因果possessor*。 在这样的情况中，causal possessors通常不表达---只能从上下文中去被理解。
Ex. Darako (darakassa) chatatta / chatabhavato bhubjati = the child eats on account of (the child’s, i.e. his) state of being the one who is hungry.
例如 Darako （darakassa） chatatta / chatabhavato bhubjati = 孩子吃飯是因為（孩子的，即他的）处在一个饥饿的状态。
Darako --> bhubjati (ASV) darakassa --> chatatta / chatabhavato (POS) chatatta / chatabhavato --> bhubjati (CAU)
However, there are cases where a causal possessor is different in content from the active subject / object of a given sentence. In this case, it is normally expressed.
但是，在某些情况下，causal possessor在内容上与给定句子的主动主语/宾语不同。在这种情况下，它通常被表述。
Ex. Darakassa chatatta mata pacati = mother cooks on account of the child’s state of being the one who is hungry.
例如，Darakassa chatatta mata pacati = 母亲做饭是因为孩子饿了。
Darakassa --> chatatta (POS) chatatta --> pacati (CAU) mata --> pacati (ASV)
Sometimes, there is another noun, or pronoun, which is related not to the whole causal noun, but only to its abstract derivative stem, or the first compound member. It is also normally expressed and termed an independent possessor.
有时，还有另一个名词或代词，它与整体因果名词无关，但仅限于其abstract derivative词干，或第一个复合词。它通常也被表示并称为independent possessor。
Ex. Puriso gamam (gamassa) coranam bhumitaya na gacchati = The man does not go to the village on account of its (i.e. of the village) state of being the thieves’ ground.
例如 Puriso gamam （gamassa） coranam bhumitaya na gacchati = 这个人不去村子，因为它（即村子）是盗贼的地盘。
gamassa --> bhumitaya (POS) coranam --> bhumi(taya) (POS)
In the example above, the implied gamassa is the causal possessor while coranam, which is related to the abstract derivative stem bhumi, is the independent possessor.
在上面的例子中，隐含的gamassa是causal possessor，而 coranam，与abstract derivative词干bhumi有关，是independent possessor。
Sometimes, a causal noun is neither an abstract derivative nor a compound with bhava. In this case, it is treated as if it were either, i.e. an abstract derivative, or, for that matter, a compound with bhava; its causal possessor and its sense also are defined accordingly. Such a causal noun is called an essentially abstractive (bhavappadhana) noun or an elided-abstractive (bhavalopa) noun.
有时，一个因果名词既不是抽象衍生词，也不是带有bhava的复合词。在这种情况下，它被视为好像即是抽象衍生词，也是带有bhava的复合词; 它的因果possessor和它的感觉也被相应的定义。因此这样的因果名词被称为essentially abstractive（bhavappadhana）名词或elided-abstractive（bhavalopa）名词。
Ex. Puriso bhumiyam (purisassa) sayanato dukkham papunati = the man reaches (i.e. gets) suffering on account of (the man’s, i.e. his) state of the one who sleeps on the ground.
例如，Puriso bhumiyam （purisassa） sayanato dukkham papunati = 那个由于（那个男人的，即他的）处于睡在地上状态的男人，得到（即受到）折磨。
In the example above, the causal noun sayanato is equivalent to the compound sayanabhàvato, of which the initial part sayana is taken to be of subjective suffixal case since its content is the same as that of purisa.
在上面的例子中，因果名词 sayanato 等同于复合词 sayanabhàvato，其中初始部分 sayana因为它的内容与purisa的内容相同，被视为 subjective 后缀。
In comment units, certain words belonging to the commented units are sometimes transformed into causal nouns. Then it is expected to recognize their causal possessors even though not expressed. There are some tips for this.
在comment units中，某些属于commented units的单词有时被转换为因果名词。即使没有表达,它应该识别出他们的causal possessors。在此有一些提示。
a. When a past participle used as an active / passive verb is converted into a causal noun, its active subject or object respectively becomes the causal possessor.
a. 当用作主动/被动动词的过去分词转换为因果名词时，其主动主语或宾语分别成为causal possessor。
Ex. *Puriso gamam gato = The man goes to the village. Purisassa gatatta ... = Because of the man’s state of being the one who goes ... *Purisena kammam katam = The work is done by the man.
例如. *Puriso gamam gato = 那个男人去村子。
Purisassa gatatta ... = 因为去的那个人是那个男人的状态......
*Purisena kammam katam = 那份工作是由那男人完成。
Kammassa katatta ... = Because of the work’s state of being the one which is done ...
Kammassa katatta ... = 因为那个被完成的是那份工作的状态......
b. When the first word of the nominal identity relation, or the primary subject of the double active subject relation, becomes a causal noun, its causal possessor would be its inserted synonym whereas, if the second one or the secondary subject is transformed, the first one or the primary subject respectively would come to possess it.
b. 当第一个单词的nominal identity关系，或double active subject关系的primary主语成为因果名词时，其causal possessor将是inserted同义词，而如果第二个或次要主语被转换，第一个或主要主语将分别被possess。
Ex. Bhupala tissadattaiccadayo (honti) nama = the Land Protectors are named Tissa, Datta,etc. Rajanam Bhupalataya ... = because of the kings’ state of being the Land Protectors..
例如 Bhupala tissadattaiccadayo （honti） nama = 土地保护者被命名为 Tissa， Datta，等等。
Rajanam Bhupalataya ... = 因为国王的存在状态是土地保护者。
Bhupalanam tissadattaiccadibhavato ... = because of the Land Protectors’ state of being named Tissa, Datta,etc...
Bhupalanam tissadattaiccadibhavato ... = 因为土地保护者的存在状态被命名为Tissa，Datta等...
c. When an identical adjective becomes a causal noun, the noun modified by it is the causal possessor, whereas, when the qualified part itself is changed into a causal form, its inserted synonym comes to possess it.
c. 当一个identical形容词变成一个因果名词时，由它修饰的名词是causal possessor，而当限定部分本身被改变为一个因果形式，其inserted同义词来possess。
Ex. Mahanto buddho ... = the great Buddha buddhassa mahantatta ... = on account of the Buddha’s greatness ...
例如，Mahanto buddho ... = 伟大的佛陀
佛陀玛汉塔塔... = 由于佛陀的伟大 ...
bhagavato buddhataya ... = on account of the Glorious one’s buddhahood ...
bhagavato buddhataya ...=由于荣耀的佛性......