2. Expressions of Comparison

2. 比喻修辞

The indeclinables viya, iva, yathā, etc. are used to give comparisons in a sentence, which may be termed a comparison sentence.

不变词viya，iva，yathā等，在句中用于比喻，视为比喻句。

It can be separated into two parts, one of the compared object (upameyya) and the other of the standard of comparison (upamāna).

它（比喻句）可以被分为两部分，一部分是本体（upameyya，被比喻的），另一部分是喻体（upamāna，打比方的）。

-	合并比喻 Incorporated Comparison	拆分比喻 Excluded Comparison
例 Ex	Samaṇo ākāse gacchati narā viya/iva/yathā bhūmiyaṃ	Samaṇo ākāse gacchati / narā bhūmiyaṃ (gacchanti) viya / iva / yathā
译	比库在天空中，就像人们在地上（走）一样。	比库在天空中走。（像谁？）就像人们在地面上（走）一样。
Trs	The monk goes in the sky as people (go) on the ground.	The monk goes in the sky. (Like whom?) Just as people (go) on the ground.

Two parts of a comparison sentence can be divided in the translation by an inserted question. It is called Excluded Comparison method.
在翻译时可以通过引入一个问题来将比喻句拆分成两个部分。 这称为拆分比喻译法。
(When no question is inserted, it is called Incorporated Comparison method)
（如果不引入问题，则称为合并比喻译法）

The phrase yathā … tathā can be used to form a comparison sentence.

固定搭配 yathā … tathā 可以用来构成一个比喻句。

• Ex. Yathā narā bhumiyaṃ gacchanti, tathā samaṇo ākāse gacchati.
• 译：就像人们在地上走一样，比库也在天空中走。
• Trs. Just as people go on the ground, so also the monk goes in the sky.

Note: when yathā … tathā is used not to denote a comparison, the verb which tathā (meaning “in that way”) modifies must be changed into a participle and related in DEF relation to the verb of the yathā (meaning “in which way”) sentence. The word yathā must be related to that participle in Adverbial relation.

注意：当yathā...tathā 不用于表示比喻，tathā （意思是“那么/以这种方式”）修饰的动词必须改为分词，并在 DEF 中与 yathā （意思是“怎么/以何种方式”）句子的动词相关。 单词 yathā 必须与副词关系中的该分词相关。

Ex：yathā (mayi karonte) buddho anujānissati, tathā karissāmi.

译：（当我）怎么（做）佛会允许，我就那么做。
Trs：The way that the Buddha will permit when I act in, I will act in that way.